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Staphylococcus aureus is now acknowledged as being the most important bacterial pathogen of humans. It usually produces localized disease but can be rapidly invasive, spreading through the tissues, invading bone, and seeding the bloodstream to produce a fulminant picture of septic shock, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and rapid death. Moreover, most strains of staph infections are becoming resistant to most antibiotics, thus posing a significant problem for hospitals and health care facilities. This book, a volume in the Infectious Agents and Pathogenesis series, presents chapters by the major researchers in the field.

Staphylococcus aureus infections. --- Pathogenic microorganisms. --- Emerging infectious diseases. --- Microbiology. --- Internal medicine. --- Infectious Diseases. --- Medical Microbiology. --- Internal Medicine. --- Infectious diseases. --- Medical microbiology. --- Medicine, Internal --- Medicine --- Disease-causing microorganisms --- Micro-organisms, Pathogenic --- Pathogens --- Microorganisms --- Medical microbiology --- Virulence (Microbiology) --- Staphylococcal infections

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This textbook is written at the dawn of a new era in the management of sepsis. Recent achievements in the clinical management of septic shock are the culmination of decades of basic and applied research by innovative researchers and clinical investigators worldwide. The contributing authors to this book have spearheaded much of this research and the Editors have endeavored to create a textbook that is comprehensive in nature while maintaining a specific focus upon the multitude of work that constitutes the spectrum of sepsis research including: pathophysiology; monitoring systems; general support; microbial aspects; complications; and anti-sepsis therapies.

Septicemia. --- Critical care medicine. --- Emerging infectious diseases. --- Emergency medicine. --- Immunology. --- Internal medicine. --- Intensive / Critical Care Medicine. --- Infectious Diseases. --- Emergency Medicine. --- Internal Medicine. --- Infectious diseases. --- Medicine, Internal --- Medicine --- Immunobiology --- Life sciences --- Serology --- Medicine, Emergency --- Critical care medicine --- Disaster medicine --- Medical emergencies --- Intensive care --- Intensive medicine --- Emergency medicine --- Intensive care units --- Blood poisoning --- Poisoning, Blood --- Sepsis --- Septicaemia --- Blood --- Communicable diseases --- Diseases

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Pneumonia (along with influenza) is the sixth leading cause of death in adults. About 4 million adults develop pneumonia each year in the US, resulting in 64 million days of restricted activity, 39 million days of bed confinement, and 10 million days of lost work. Yet the admission rates to hospital, length of stay, investigations, antimicrobial therapy and prevention strategies vary greatly from one geographic area to the next, and the scientific basis for many of our management strategies for pneumonia is weak to nonexistent. There are over 100 microbial agents that can cause pneumonia and many of these, especially Streptococcus pneumoniae, Group A streptococcus, and Staphylococcus aureus, are in a state of flux in terms of changing antimicrobial resistance. This book is designed to provide new information about pneumonia and identify critical research questions that will come to the fore as we enter the 21st century.

Pneumonia. --- Pneumology. --- Emerging infectious diseases. --- Microbiology. --- Medical virology. --- Pneumology/Respiratory System. --- Infectious Diseases. --- Medical Microbiology. --- Virology. --- Public Health. --- Respiratory organs—Diseases. --- Infectious diseases. --- Medical microbiology. --- Public health. --- Community health --- Health services --- Hygiene, Public --- Hygiene, Social --- Public health services --- Public hygiene --- Social hygiene --- Health --- Human services --- Biosecurity --- Health literacy --- Medicine, Preventive --- National health services --- Sanitation --- Microbiology --- Lungs --- Pneumonitis --- Inflammation --- Diseases

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In recent years increased scientific attention has been given to immediate defense mechanisms based on non-clonal recognition of microbial components. These mechanisms constitute the innate immunity arm of the body s defense. Identification of pathogens by these mechanisms involves primarily receptors recognizing sugar moieties of various microorganisms. Innate immunity based mechanisms are essential for the existence of multicellular organisms. They are evolutionarily conserved and designed to provide immediate protection against microbial pathogens to eradicate infection. Activation of innate immunity is crucial for transition to specific immunity and for its orientation, and to assist the specific immune response in the recognition of pathogens and their destruction. Innate immunity is regularly involved in the arrest of bacterial, mycotic, viral and parasitic infections, giving the specific immune response time to become effective. It becomes critically essential in immunocompromised patients who fail to mount specific immune responses due to congenital or acquired immunodeficiencies as a result of chemotherapy, dialysis, immunosuppressive drugs, or HIV infection. The Innate Immunity arsenal constitutes polymorphonuclear and mononuclear phagocytes, mast cells, the complement system, Natural Killer cells, antimicrobial peptides, and presumably a subset of T lymphocytes with TCRl receptors.

Natural immunity --- Congresses --- Immunology. --- Emerging infectious diseases. --- Microbiology. --- Medical virology. --- Medical parasitology. --- Infectious Diseases. --- Medical Microbiology. --- Virology. --- Parasitology. --- Infectious diseases. --- Medical microbiology. --- Biology --- Microbiology --- Immunobiology --- Life sciences --- Serology --- Disease resistance --- Host resistance --- Innate immunity --- Innate resistance --- Native immunity --- Natural resistance --- Nonspecific immunity --- Resistance to disease --- Immunity

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The discovery of the human T cell leukemia virus type I in the late 1970s heralded a new era in retrovirology. For the first time, it was demonstrated that a retrovirus could play a role in the development of a human disease, in this case adult T cell leukemia (ATL). Several years later, the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) epidemic began, and it was dem- strated that a retrovirus, originally designated the human T cell lymp- tropic virus type 3, was the causal agent of this syndrome. This virus, later named the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), has since been extensively studied in terms of its pathogenesis as well as its ability to elicit immune responses. In that time, a tremendous amount of information has been obtained about the virus. Although recent drug regimens have been useful in significantly lowering viral loads and perhaps maintaining an asymptomatic state among individuals infected with HIV-1, an established “cure” for AIDS eludes us. In addition, the effective drug therapies are very expensive, and are not available to infected people in the third world, where greater than 90% of new infections occur. Furthermore, the development of viral resistance against the drug therapies is an additional concern. Despite extensive study, no effective vaccine has been developed. One of the problems in developing an effective vaccine against HIV-1 is the ability of the virus, particularly in the immunogenic envelop glycoprotein, to undergo amino acid hypervariability.

Retrovirus infections. --- Emerging infectious diseases. --- Microbiology. --- Immunology. --- Pathology. --- Medical laboratories. --- Human anatomy. --- Infectious Diseases. --- Medical Microbiology. --- Laboratory Medicine. --- Anatomy. --- Infectious diseases. --- Medical microbiology. --- Laboratory medicine. --- Anatomy, Human --- Anatomy --- Human biology --- Medical sciences --- Human body --- Clinical medicine --- Clinical pathology --- Diagnostic laboratory tests --- Laboratory diagnosis --- Laboratory medicine --- Medical laboratory diagnosis --- Diagnosis --- Pathology --- Disease (Pathology) --- Diseases --- Medicine --- Medicine, Preventive --- Immunobiology --- Life sciences --- Serology --- HIV infections --- Treatment. --- Retroviral infections --- Virus diseases